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This article is about the country of Egypt. For other uses, see Egypt (disambiguation).
جمهورية مصر العربية
Gumhūriyyat Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyah
Arab Republic of Egypt

Flag Coat of arms

Anthem: Bilady, Bilady, Bilady

Capital
(and largest city) Cairo
30°2′N, 31°13′E
Official languages Arabic1
Demonym Egyptian
Government Semi-presidential republic
- President Hosni Mubarak
- Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif
Establishment
- First Dynasty c.3150 BCE
- Independence from United Kingdom February 28, 1922
- Republic declared June 18, 1953
Area
- Total 980,869 km² (30th)
378,715 sq mi 386,660 Including Hala'ib Triangle sq mi
- Water (%) 0.632
Population
- 2007 estimate 80,335,036 (est.)[1]
- 1996 census 59,312,914
- Density 74/km² (120th)
192/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2006 estimate
- Total $329.791 billion (29th)
- Per capita $4,836 (110th)
Gini (1999–00) 34.5 (medium)
HDI (2007) ▲ 0.708 (medium) (112nd)
Currency Egyptian pound (EGP)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
- Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Internet TLD .eg
Calling code +20
1 Spoken language is Egyptian Arabic.
Egypt (Egyptian: Kemet; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Kīmi; Arabic: مصر ‎ Miṣr ; Egyptian Arabic: Máṣr), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country in North Africa that includes the Sinai Peninsula, a land bridge to Asia. Covering an area of about 1,001,450 square kilometers (386,660 sq mi), Egypt borders Libya to the west, Sudan to the south and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. The northern coast borders the Mediterranean Sea; the eastern coast borders the Red Sea.

Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa. The great majority of its estimated 80 million people (2007) live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable agricultural land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with the majority spread across the densely-populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world's most famous monuments, including the Giza pyramid complex and its Great Sphinx. The southern city of Luxor contains numerous ancient artefacts, such as the Karnak Temple and the Valley of the Kings. Egypt is widely regarded as an important political and cultural nation of the Middle East.

HI EVRY ONE IF ANY ONE WOULD LIKE TO VIST EGYPT HE CAN CALL ME AND I WILL HELP HLM OR THIM

The Giza Necropolis stands on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. This complex of ancient monuments is located some eight kilometres (5 mi) inland into the desert from the old town of Giza on the Nile, some 25 kilometres (12.5 mi) southwest of Cairo city centre. The Great pyramid is the only remaining monument of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

This Ancient Egyptian necropolis consists of the Pyramid of Khufu (known as the Great Pyramid and the Pyramid of Cheops), the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or Chephren) a few hundred metres to the south-west, and the relatively modest-size Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinus) a few hundred meters further south-west, along with a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as "queens" pyramids, causeways and valley pyramids. The Great Sphinx lies on the east side of the complex, facing east. Current consensus among Egyptologists is that the head of the Great Sphinx is that of Khafre. Associated with these royal monuments are the tombs of high officials and much later burials and monuments (from the New Kingdom onwards), signifying the reverence to those buried in the necropolis.

Of the three, only Menkaure's Pyramid is seen today without any of its original polished limestone casing, with Khafre's Pyramid retaining a prominent display of casing stones at its apex, while Khufu's Pyramid maintains a more limited collection at its base. It is interesting to note that Khafre's Pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu Pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction – it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume. The most active phase of construction here was in the 25th century BC. The ancient remains of the Giza necropolis have attracted visitors and tourists since classical antiquity, when these Old Kingdom monuments were already over 2,000 years old. It was popularised in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Today it is the only one of the ancient Wonders still in existence.

Due largely to 19th-century images, the pyramids of Giza are generally thought of by foreigners as lying in a remote, desert location, even though they are located in what is now part of the most populous city in Africa [1]. Consequently, urban development reaches right up to the perimeter of the antiquities site, to the extent that in the 1990s, Pizza Hut and KFC restaurants opened across the road [2]. The ancient sites in the Memphis area, including those at Giza, together with those at Saqqara, Dahshur, Abu Ruwaysh, and Abusir, were collectively declared a World Heritage Site in 1979 [3].

The sides of all three of the Giza pyramids were astronomically oriented to be north-south and east-west within a small fraction of a degree. Among recent attempts [1] to explain such a clearly deliberate pattern are those of S. Haack, O. Neugebauer, K. Spence, D. Rawlins, K. Pickering, and J. Belmonte.
Although hypotheses put forward by Robert Bauval are by nature universally regarded by mainstream archaeologists [2] and Egyptologists as a form of pseudoscience, Robert Bauval and Adrian Gilbert (1994) proposed that the three main pyramids at Giza form a pattern on the ground identical to a conjunction of the three belt stars of the Orion constellation. This conjunction, they claimed, was exact, and it occurred precisely at the date 10,450 BC.